Figure 4

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"Testing General Relativity with Low-Frequency, Space-Based Gravitational-Wave Detectors"

Jonathan R. Gair and Michele Vallisneri and Shane L. Larson and John G. Baker

	Abstract
1	Introduction
2	The Theory of Gravitation
	2.1	Will’s “standard model” of gravitational theories
	2.2	Alternative theories
	2.3	The black-hole paradigm
3	Space-Based Missions to Detect Gravitational Waves
	3.1	The classic LISA architecture
	3.2	LISA-like observatories
	3.3	Mid-frequency space-based observatories
4	Summary of Low-Frequency Gravitational-Wave Sources
	4.1	Massive black-hole coalescences
	4.2	Extreme-mass-ratio inspirals
	4.3	Galactic binaries
5	Gravitational-Wave Tests of Gravitational Physics
	5.1	The “classic tests” of general relativity with gravitational waves
	5.2	Tests of general relativity with phenomenological inspiral template families
	5.3	Beyond the binary inspiral
6	Tests of the Nature and Structure of Black Holes
	6.1	Current observational status
	6.2	Tests of black-hole structure using EMRIs
	6.3	Tests of black-hole structure using ringdown radiation: black-hole spectroscopy
	6.4	Prospects from gravitational-wave and other observations
7	Discussion
	Acknowledgements
	References
	Footnotes
	Figures
	Tables

Figure 4: Effect of the six possible GW polarization modes on a ring of test particles. The GW propagates in the z-direction for the upper three transverse modes, and in the x-direction for the lower three longitudinal modes. Only modes (a) and (b) are possible in GR. Image reproduced by permission from [471].